GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PRESCRIBING ANTIBIOTICS

Follow these guidelines to improve patient care and to avoid antimicrobial resistance.



Accurate diagnosis, bacterial infection, pathogen identification, narrow-spectrum antibiotics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, patient history, correct dosage, appropriate duration, oral administration, intravenous administration, patient education, adherence, side effects, avoid sharing, monitoring, follow-up, stewardship principles, guidelines adherence, infectious disease consultation, resistance prevention, avoid overuse, infection control, special populations, pediatrics, geriatrics, pregnancy, lactation.

Prescribing antibiotics responsibly is crucial to combat antibiotic resistance, ensure patient safety, and maintain the effectiveness of these medications. Here are some general principles for prescribing antibiotics:

1. Accurate Diagnosis

  • Confirm Infection: Ensure that the patient has a bacterial infection and not a viral one, as antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.
  • Identify the Pathogen: Whenever possible, identify the specific bacteria causing the infection through cultures or other diagnostic tests.

2. Appropriate Selection

  • Narrow-Spectrum vs. Broad-Spectrum: Prefer narrow-spectrum antibiotics that target specific bacteria to broad-spectrum antibiotics that affect a wide range of bacteria.
  • Patient History: Consider the patient’s history of antibiotic use, allergies, and any previous adverse reactions.

3. Dosage and Duration

  • Correct Dosage: Prescribe the appropriate dose based on the patient’s age, weight, kidney and liver function, and severity of the infection.
  • Appropriate Duration: Prescribe antibiotics for the shortest effective duration to minimize side effects and resistance development.

4. Route of Administration

  • Oral vs. Intravenous: Choose the least invasive route of administration that is effective. Oral administration is often preferred unless the patient is unable to take oral medications or requires intravenous treatment due to the severity of the infection.

5. Patient Education

  • Adherence: Educate patients on the importance of completing the full course of antibiotics, even if they feel better, to ensure the infection is fully eradicated.
  • Side Effects: Inform patients about possible side effects and what to do if they experience them.
  • Avoid Sharing: Advise patients not to share antibiotics with others and not to use leftover antibiotics for future illnesses.

6. Monitoring and Follow-Up

  • Assess Response: Monitor the patient’s response to the antibiotic treatment and adjust therapy if necessary.
  • Adverse Reactions: Be vigilant for adverse reactions or complications, such as Clostridioides difficile infection.

7. Stewardship Principles

  • Guidelines Adherence: Follow evidence-based guidelines and local antibiograms to guide antibiotic selection.
  • Consultation: Seek advice from infectious disease specialists when dealing with complex infections or antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

8. Prevention of Resistance

  • Avoid Overuse: Only prescribe antibiotics when absolutely necessary and avoid overprescribing.
  • Infection Control: Implement and adhere to infection control measures to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria.

9. Consideration of Special Populations

  • Pediatrics and Geriatrics: Adjust antibiotic choice and dosing for children and elderly patients, considering their unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles.
  • Pregnancy and Lactation: Choose antibiotics that are safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women.

By adhering to these principles, healthcare providers can ensure that antibiotics are used effectively and responsibly, thereby preserving their efficacy for future generations.

1. Only prescribe antibiotics for bacterial infections if:

■ Symptoms are significant or severe

■ There is a high risk of complications

■ The infection is not resolving or is unlikelyto resolve

2. Use first-line antibiotics first

3. Reserve broad spectrum antibiotics for indicated conditions only

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